Blog Archives

What Do Medical Records and Health Information Technicians Do?

Medical records and health information technicians compile, process, organize, and maintain health information data and medical records of hospital and clinic patients in a manner consistent with medical, administrative, ethical, legal, and regulatory requirements of the health care system. They ensure that health information data is complete, accurate, and secure in both paper and electronic systems. They use various classification systems to code and categorize patient information for reimbursement purposes, for databases and registries, and to maintain patients’ medical and treatment histories.

For additional information, please go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/medical-records-and-health-information-technicians.htm.

Where Do Medical Records and Health Information Technicians Work?

Medical records and health information technicians may work in hospitals, nursing homes, ambulatory care facilities, physicians’ offices, government agencies involved in health care, insurance companies, attorneys’ offices, industry, correctional facilities, medical research companies, pharmaceutical companies, even veterinary facilities–generally, any health setting that collects health information data or patient records.

How Much Do Medical Records and Health Information Technicians Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for medical records specialists in the United States was $51,090. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, medical records specialists in New York earned a median annual salary of $51,289 (medical records specialists in the 25th percentile made approximately $39,360 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $66,614).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for medical records specialists in the U.S. will increase by 7% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for medical records specialists in the state will increase by 16% between 2020 and 2030.

Demand for health services is expected to increase as the population ages and has more health-related problems. Employment for medical records and health information technicians will grow as a result of an aging population that will need more medical tests, treatments, and procedures. This will also mean more claims for reimbursement from private and public insurance. Additional records, coupled with widespread use of electronic health records by all types of health care providers, will likely lead to an increased need for medical records and health information technicians to organize and manage the associated information in all areas of the health care industry.

For more information on the need for medical records and health information technicians by New York State labor regions, 2018-2028, click here.

New York Educational Requirements

Medical records and health information technicians usually have a bachelor’s degree, although some may have an associate degree. Some employers may require professional certification. Degree programs for medical records and health information technicians may include courses in medical terminology, anatomy and physiology,  health data requirements and standards, classification and coding systems, health care reimbursement methods, health care statistics, and computer systems. Applicants to medical records and health information technicians degree programs increase their chances of admission by taking courses in math, computer science, health, and biology in high school.

New York Licensure Requirements

New York does not license medical records and health information technicians. Individuals wishing to demonstrate proficiency may receive certification through the American Health Information Management Association: www.ahima.org

Financial Support

Some scholarships and grants for students wishing to become medical records and health information technicians are available through the AHIMA Foundation. Go to their website for more information: http://ahimafoundation.org/

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For more information about health information management, go to the American Health Information Management Association website: www.ahima.org

For more information about health information management in New York, go to the New York Health Information Management Association’s website: http://www.nyhima.org/

What Do Midwives Do?

Midwives are health care professionals who provide primary and preventive reproductive health care to women: first exams, pre-conception counseling, gynecological exams, and family planning advice. Midwives also manage pregnancies, deliver babies, and provide prenatal and postpartum care to women and their infants. Midwives also perform newborn evaluation and resuscitation, if necessary, and refer infants for further assessment or treatment at the time of delivery.

The scope of practice for midwives varies depending on the state(s) they work in. In New York, midwives are authorized to prescribe and administer medications, immunizing agents, diagnostic tests and devices, and order laboratory tests.

Certified nurse midwives (CNM) are educated in both nursing (usually as a registered nurse) and midwifery.

Certified midwives (CM) are professionally credentialed in midwifery.

For more information about midwives in New York, go to: www.op.nysed.gov/prof/midwife.
For more information, please go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/nurse-anesthetists-nurse-midwives-and-nurse-practitioners.htm.

Where Do Midwives Work?

Midwives work in hospitals, clinics, and private practices. They assist births and deliver babies wherever they may occur, including hospitals, birthing centers, and clients’ homes.

How Much Do Midwives Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for midwives in the United States was $122,450. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, midwives in New York earned a median annual salary of $132,256 (midwives in the 25th percentile made approximately $108,136 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $147,824).

Supply and Demand

The number of midwives in New York has been steadily growing. Health insurance coverage of midwifery services nationwide and in New York will likely contribute to the increasing demand for midwives and the services they provide.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners in the U.S. will increase by 40% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for nurse midwives in the state will increase by 16% between 2020 and 2030.

For more information on projections of midwives by New York State labor regions, 2018-2028, click here.

New York Educational Requirements

While midwives licensed to practice in New York may or may not be registered nurses, all must complete a state-approved midwifery education program, which includes classroom study as well as clinical training. Coursework will include maternity care, family planning, gynecological care, nutrition, pharmacology, well-women care, ethics, pediatrics, and neonatal care.

For more information about New York’s education requirements for midwives, go to http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/midwife/midwifelic.htm#educ.

New York Licensure Requirements

In order to qualify for licensure as a midwife in New York, applicants must be high school graduates and complete a New York State licensure qualifying program in midwifery, or equivalent.

To meet the examination requirement for licensure as a midwife in New York, an applicant must pass the examination developed and administered by the American Midwifery Certification Board (AMCB).

For more information on New York’s licensure requirements for midwives, go to: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/midwife/midwifelic.htm.

Financial Support

The American College of Nurse-Midwives offers information about financial aid, scholarships, fellowships, and loans for midwifery students. For more information, go to: http://www.midwife.org/Financing-Your-Nurse-Midwifery-Education.

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For more information about midwives, go to:
the American Collge of Nurse-Midwives Web site at: www.acnm.org
or visit the New York State Association of Licensed Midwives www.newyorkmidwives.org/.

What Do Nuclear Medicine Technologists Do?

Nuclear medicine technologists (NMTs)  use a scanner to create images of various areas of a patient’s body. They prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to patients and then monitor the characteristics and functions of tissues or organs in which the drugs localize. The radioactive drugs cause abnormal areas of the body to appear different from normal areas in the images. The particular drugs NMTs are trained to use are made from radioactive materials (radionuclides), which can help physicians detect and treat diseases. NMTs also operate the diagnostic imaging equipment that scans, detects, and maps the radioactive drug through a patient’s body to create images. The images are then produced on a computer screen or on film for a physician to interpret.

Nuclear medicine differs from other diagnostic imaging technologies because it determines the presence of disease on the basis of metabolic changes rather than changes in organ structure.

To learn more about this profession, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/nuclear-medicine-technologists.htm.

Where Do Nuclear Medicine Technologists Work?

The majority of NMTs are employed by hospitals, although a smaller number of NMTs are employed in the offices and clinics of physicians or in imaging clinics.

How Much Do Nuclear Medicine Technologists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for nuclear medicine technologists in the United States was $89,610. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, nuclear medicine technologists in New York earned a median annual salary of $103,820 (nuclear medicine technologists in the 25th percentile made approximately $82,328 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $111,588).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for nuclear medicine technologists in the U.S. will increase by 2% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for  in the state will increase by 16% between 2020 and 2030.

Employment of nuclear medicine technologists is projected to grow slower than the average of all occupations. An aging population may lead to the need for nuclear medicine technologists who can provide imaging to patients with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease. However, employment growth may be tempered as many medical facilities and third-party payers encourage the use of less costly, noninvasive imaging technologies, such as ultrasound. For more information on NMTs by New York State labor regions, 2018-2028, click here.

New York Educational Requirements

NMTs are trained in nuclear medicine technology education programs that range from one to four years in length and lead to a certificate, associate, or bachelor’s degree. Some NMTs become qualified by completing an associate’s or a bachelor’s degree program in a related health field, such as radiologic technology or nursing, and then completing a one-year certificate program in nuclear medicine technology. Courses for becoming an NMT include human anatomy and physiology, physics, chemistry, biological effects of radiation exposure, radiation protection and procedures, the use of radiopharmaceuticals, imaging techniques, and computer science. NMT education programs also include clinical experience–to practice under the supervision of a certified NMT and a physician who specializes in nuclear medicine.

New York Licensure Requirements

New York does not require NMTs to be licensed though most employers prefer to hire certified NMTs. Individuals wishing to demonstrate proficiency in their occupation may receive certification through national organizations such as the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists, http://www.arrt.org or from the Nuclear Medicine Technology Certification Board, www.nmtcb.org. ARRT and NMTCB have different requirements, but each require that an NMT must pass a comprehensive exam to become certified.

NMTs must meet the minimum federal standards on the administration of radioactive drugs and the operation of radiation detection equipment. In addition to the general certification requirements, certified NMTs must also complete a certain number of continuing education hours. This is required primarily because of the frequent technological and innovative changes in the field of nuclear medicine. Typically, NMTs must register annually with both the ARRT and the NMTCB.

Financial Support

Students seeking an education in nuclear medicine technology may apply for grants, awards, and scholarships through the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. Students can also apply for financial aid through a number of state and federal aid programs. More information is available at: www.highered.nysed.gov/NYLearns.

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For more information about NMTs go to The American Society of Nuclear Medicine Web site at: http://www.snmmi.org/ACNM/index.aspx.

What Do Nurse Practitioners Do?

Nurse practitioners (NPs) are registered nurses (RNs) with advanced training in a practice specialty. NPs specialize in areas such as acute care, adult health, women’s health, family health, school health, community health, oncology, gerontology, psychiatry, geriatrics, pediatrics, palliative care, mental health, and others.

NPs serve as primary and specialty care providers, providing a blend of nursing and health care services to patients and families. NPs may diagnose and treat patients, as well as prescribe medications for a wide array of acute and chronic illnesses. NPs provide primary care to patients, including taking patient histories, conducting physical exams, ordering and interpreting diagnostic tests, educating patients on disease prevention, giving vaccinations, and referring patients for additional care.

The state of New York requires NPs to have a collaborative agreement in place with a physician, yet NPs are autonomous and do not practice under the supervision of the collaborating physician. Legislation has been introduced in New York to increase the scope of practice for NPs.

To learn more about this profession in New York, go to www.op.nysed.gov/prof/nurse/
For more information, please click here. 

Where Do Nurse Practitioners Work?

NPs work in a variety of clinical settings depending on their areas of specialization. These settings include physician’s and specialist’s private practices, health clinics, community health centers, hospitals, nursing homes, and home health agencies. NPs may also be educators, administrators, or researchers and work in schools or offices.

How Much Do Nurse Practitioners Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for nurse practitioners in the United States was $124,680. According to salary.com, the average annual salary of nurse practitioners in New York State is $129,358 (nurse practitioners in the 25th percentile made approximately $120,035 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $140,530).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners in the U.S. will increase by 40% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for NPs in the state will increase by 56% between 2020 and 2030.

Today, NPs are working in more specialties and in more settings, and their range of expertise and skills has become more widely understood, accepted, and in demand. Experts agree that there are excellent opportunities for increases in the NP workforce nationwide as primary care and preventive care become even more important priorities due to the federal Affordable Care Act. Also, it is anticipated that significant growth in the number of older Americans will also lead to increases in demand for the array of health services provided by NPs.

New York anticipates increased demand for nurse practitioners in the coming years, too. That may be at least partly because large numbers of New York NPs are nearing retirement age. For more information on nurse practitioners by New York State labor regions, click here.

Educational Requirements

NPs must be at least bachelor’s degree-prepared RNs and must maintain licensure as an RN. In addition, NPs must have advanced education and clinical training to practice. NPs must earn a master’s degree in nursing while specializing in one or more areas of care, such as adult care, gerontology, community care, family health, oncology, pediatrics, psychiatry, palliative care, and women’s health, among others. Coursework may include health promotion, physical assessment, and nursing research, and all require a supervised clinical practicum.

NPs must graduate from a New York State approved NP education program. For more information about NP education programs in New York, please go to the Nurse Practitioner Association of New York State Web site page here.

New York Licensure Requirements

In order to qualify for certification as a NP in New York, an applicant must be licensed as an RN in New York and complete an NP education program registered with the New York State Education Department. NPs providing patient care with less than 3,600 hours of experience must also have a written practice agreement with a collaborating physician and established practice protocols.

NPs relicense every three years in New York and update their national certification every five years through ongoing training and education. NPs must have a master’s degree before sitting for the national certification exam.

For more information on general certification requirements for NPs, go to: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/nurse/np.htm.

For more information on written practice agreements, go to: https://www.op.nysed.gov/professions/nurse-practitioners/professional-practice/practice-requirements.

Financial Support

The New York State Department of Education lists state and federal scholarships, grants, and loans available to students entering the nursing field or nurses interested in pursuing additional education–view this resource here.

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

For additional details about education programs, see the New York State Department of Education Web site page here.

Additional Web Links

For more information on NPs, go to:
the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners Web site at: www.aanp.org;
the Nurse Practitioner Association of New York State Web site at: http://www.thenpa.org/.
[whohit]Nurse Practitioners[/whohit]

What Do Nursing Assistants Do?

Nursing assistants provide basic patient care under the supervision of a registered nurse, licensed practical nurse, or other medical staff. Nursing assistants may take and record a patient’s temperature, pulse, and blood pressure; assist patients with activities of daily living, such as feeding, bathing, dressing, and toileting; help patients to get in and out of bed; and assist with nursing procedures. They also answer calls for assistance and help, deliver messages, serve meals, make beds, and tidy up rooms. Nursing assistants also observe patients’ physical, mental, and emotional conditions and report the status or changes to the nursing or medical staff.

Nursing assistants who work in long term nursing care are often principal caregivers since they have more frequent and direct contact with the nursing home residents than do other staff members. Since nursing home residents are likely to remain for an extended period of time, nursing assistants often develop ongoing relationships with them. These relationships play an important role in continuity of care and can impact quality of care and health outcomes.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics groups nursing assistants with orderlies. For more information about this occupation, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/nursing-assistants.htm

Where Do Nursing Assistants Work?

Nursing assistants work primarily in institutional settings such as hospitals, assisted living centers, and nursing homes.

How Much Do Nursing Assistants Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for nursing assistants in the United States was $36,220. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, nursing assistants in New York earned a median annual salary of $46,073 (nursing assistants in the 25th percentile made approximately $36,193 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $50,027).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for nursing assistants and orderlies in the U.S. will increase by 5% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for nursing assistants in the state will increase by 17% between 2020 and 2030. The need for nursing assistants is growing because as the country’s population ages, demand for health care services rises, particularly long-term care for older adults.

New York Educational Requirements

Training and education requirements for nursing assistants who work in hospitals vary by institution. In some instances, employers may require a high school diploma or G.E.D and may provide on-the-job training; others may require prior nursing assistant experience; some may want both. Nursing assistants who work in nursing homes in New York must be certified, which includes completing an approved 100-hour training program, passing a competency examination, and becoming listed on the New York State Nurse Aide Registry.

Certified nursing assistant training is available in a variety of settings, including high schools (usually through a Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES) program), propriety schools, community colleges, adult education classes at some universities, and in some instances, nursing homes and nonprofit community organizations. The training topics will likely include body mechanics, nutrition, anatomy and physiology, infection control, effective communication, and patients’ rights. The training also instructs participants in how to assist people with activities of daily living, such as bathing, eating, and grooming.

Financial Support

Many opportunities for financial support, loans, and scholarships exist for those wishing to study to become a nursing assistant. Please visit the New York State Education Department Web site for scholarships, grants, and loans information by clicking here.

Also, check the resources listed on the New York State Higher Education Services Corporation Web site
and please refer to the resources listed on the Nursing Assistant Guides Website.
Also, a list of scholarships for becoming a certified nursing assistant can be found on this website page from FindCNAclasses.com.

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

For a list of approved nursing aide training programs from the New York State Education Department, go to: www.op.nysed.gov/prof/nurse/nurseprogs-cna.htm

What Do Occupational Therapists Do?

Occupational therapists (OTs)  treat patients with injuries, illnesses, or disabilities through the therapeutic use of everyday activities. They help people with chronic or new disabilities develop, recover, and improve the skills needed for daily living and working, and help patients learn or regain the skills they need to live as independently as possible and have productive, satsifying lives.

OTs help patients improve their ability to perform tasks in their living and working environments. They work with individuals of all ages who suffer from a mentally, physically, developmentally, or emotionally disabling condition. OTs use treatments to develop, recover, or maintain the daily living and work skills of their patients, from showering, to cooking, to using a computer. The OT helps clients not only to improve their basic motor functions and reasoning abilities, but also to compensate for permanent loss of function. They may offer special instruction for the use of adaptive equipment, including wheelchairs, orthoses, eating aids, and dressing aids.

OTs focus on restoring and improving physical abilities, promoting behavioral changes, and introducing new skills. They may help people improve their motor skills, dexterity, and strength so they can develop daily living skills, such as dressing, personal hygiene, eating, or house cleaning.

OTs may work with specific populations, such as the elderly or children, or they may specialize in specific types of disabilities, such as mental illness, stroke, accident injuries, or traumatic or severe brain injury.

For more information, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/occupational-therapists.htm.

Where Do Occupational Therapists Work?

Almost half of OTs nationwide work in offices with physical and speech therapists, or audiologists, or hospitals. Other OTs work in schools, nursing homes, mental health clinics, rehabilitation facilities, and with home health services. Often, an OT will work with a client in the client’s home.

How Much Do Occupational Therapists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for occupational therapists in the United States was $92,800. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, occupational therapists in New York earned a median annual salary of $89,689 (occupational therapists in the 25th percentile made approximately $67,213 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $114,809).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for occupational therapists in the U.S. will increase by 14% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for occupational therapists in the state will increase by 25% between 2020 and 2030.

For more information on projections of occupational therapists by New York State labor regions (2018-2028), click here.

The strong growth of the OT workforce is attributed in part to the rising number of aging and older Americans who will need rehabilitative services for disabling conditions. In addition, technological advances are improving the survival rate for patients with critical or chronic health problems and offering new methods of effective treatment as well, all of which may increase demand for OTs’ rehabilitative services.

Educational Requirements

OTs need a master’s degree from an education program accredited by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA). Admission to occupational therapy programs generally requires a bachelor’s degree and specific coursework, including biology and physiology. Many programs also require applicants to have volunteered or worked in an occupational therapy setting. Master’s programs generally take two years to complete; doctoral programs take longer. Some schools offer a dual degree program in which the student earns a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree in five years. Part-time programs that offer courses on nights and weekends may also available.

Courses in the OT accredited programs will include anatomy and physiology; medical and psychosocial conditions; physical, biological, and behavioral sciences; human development; and the application of occupational therapy theory and skills. Education programs to become an OT will also include supervised internships to help students develop their clinical skills and gain real-world experience.

New York Licensure Requirements

Occupational therapists must be licensed. In order to obtain a license to practice as an OT in New York, applicants must graduate from an accredited educational program, have satisfactorily completed at least six months of supervised experience, and pass a national certification examination administered by the National Board of Certification in Occupational Therapy, Inc. (NBCOT).

For more information on New York licensing requirements, go to: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/ot/otlic.htm

Financial Support

The AOTA offers scholarships and a variety of financial aid resources for students in OT education programs. For more information, go to: www.aota.org.

Education Programs in New York

Additional Web Links

For more information about occupational therapists, go to:

The American Occupational Therapy Association website at: http://www.aota.org; or

The New York State Occupational Therapy Association website at: http://www.nysota.org; or

The National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy website at: http://www.nbcot.org.

What Do Occupational Therapy Assistants Do?

Occupational therapy assistants (OTAs) work under the direction of occupational therapists to provide rehabilitative services to patients with physical, emotional, or developmental impairments. They help patients develop, recover, and improve the skills needed for daily living and working through the therapeutic use of everyday activities.

Following a treatment plan developed by an occupational therapist, OTAs may assist patients with activities and exercises designed to improve strength and endurance, balance and coordination, mobility, hand and leg functions, self-care skills, and judgment and problem solving abilities in daily life.

OTAs encourage a patient’s progress and may monitor and chart an individual’s activities to make sure the exercises and tasks are performed correctly. OTAs report any issuses or concerns to the supervising occupational therapist.

For more information, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/occupational-therapy-assistants-and-aides.htm.

Where Do Occupational Therapy Assistants Work?

OTAs are primarily employed in hospitals, nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, occupational therapists’ offices, health clinics, and public schools.

How Much Do Occupational Therapy Assistants Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for occupational therapy assistants in the United States was $66,280. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, occupational therapy assistants in New York earned a median annual salary of $68,345 (occupational therapy assistants in the 25th percentile made approximately $50,013 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $78,802).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for occupational therapy assistants and aides in the U.S. will increase by 25% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for occupational therapy assistants in the state will increase by 42% between 2020 and 2030.

The strong growth of the OTA workforce is attributed in part to the rising number of aging Americans who will need rehabilitative services for disabling or chronic conditions. In addition, technological advances are increasing the survival rate for patients with critical or chronic health problems and offering new methods of effective treatment as well, all of which will increase demand for occupational therapy rehabilitative services.

For more information on projections of OTAs by New York State labor regions (2018-2028), click here.

New York Educational Requirements

To meet the professional education requirement for authorization as an OTA, one must complete a post-secondary program in occupational therapy of at least two years duration that is satisfactory to the New York State Education Department, or a two-year associate degree program for OTAs that is either approved by the New York State Education Department or accredited by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA). Coursework for OTAs will include anatomy and physiology and topics such as mental health, adult physical disabilities, gerontology, and pediatrics. Students must also complete supervised fieldwork in a clinic or community setting to focus on the development of their clinical skills and gain real-life experience.

New York Licensure Requirements

In order to be authorized as an OTA in New York, an applicant must successfully complete a two-year OTA education program (see the description of Education, above). OTAs must also pass the COTA examination of the National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy, Inc. (NBCOT) with a passing score of 450.

For more information, go to: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/ot/otlic.htm.

Financial Support

For information about financial aid. loan programs, and scholarships for OTA students, please visit the AOTA Web site: http://www.aota.org/Education-Careers/Find-School/Aid.aspx.

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For more information on OTAs, go to:

The American Occupational Therapy Association Web site at: http://www.aota.org; or

The New York State Occupational Therapy Association Web site at: http://www.nysota.org; or

The National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy, Inc. (NBCOT) website at: www.nbcot.org.

What Do Ophthalmologists Do?

Ophthalmologists are medical doctors who specialize in eye and vision care and function, including diagnosing and treating eye diseases and injuries. Eye M.D.s, as ophthalmologists are often called, are specially trained to provide the full spectrum of eye care, from prescribing corrective glasses and contact lenses and medications, to performing complex and delicate surgical procedures of the eye, including laser eye surgery, to prevent the occurrence of eye diseases and correct vision problems. Some ophthalmologists specialize in areas such as glaucoma, corneal disease, or reconstructive surgery. Many Eye M.D.s are also involved in scientific research into the causes and cures for eye diseases and vision problems.

Where Do Ophthalmologists Work?

The majority of ophthalmologists work in private practice and most of them have affiliations with hospitals.

How Much Do Ophthalmologists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for ophthalmologists in the United States was $265,450. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, ophthalmologists in New York earned a median annual salary of $227,613 (ophthalmologists in the 25th percentile made approximately $141,469 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $360,081).

Supply and Demand

The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for ophthalmologists (and all other uncategorized physicians) in the state will increase by 13% between 2020 and 2030. Job growth will occur in this profession because of continued expansion of health care and related industries. The increase in the number of older adults in the U.S. population will also drive overall growth in the need for physician services as these consumers are likely to demand high levels of care using the latest technologies, diagnostic tests, and therapies.

The demand for ophthalmologists, specifically, should increase because of an increasingly older adult population in the U.S. who are likely to need ophthalmology care as well as technological advances in the field and extended health care benefits.

New York Educational Requirements

Students applying to medical school must have at least 90 undergraduate credits, and a bachelor’s degree is preferred. Undergraduate education should focus heavily on science, with courses in physics, biology, and chemistry. Medical school applicants must take the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT).

In addition to four years of medical school with classroom, laboratory, and supervised clinical training, and one year of internship, every Eye M.D. does a three- to four-year residency (hospital-based training) in ophthalmology. During the residency, Eye M.D.s receive special training in all aspects of eye care, including prevention, diagnosis, and medical and surgical treatment of eye conditions and diseases.

Often, an Eye M.D. spends an additional one to two years more beyond residency training in a subspecialty, that is, a specific area of eye care, such as glaucoma or pediatric ophthalmology.

For a list of medical schools in New York, click here.

New York Licensure Requirements

To be licensed in New York, ophthalmologists, like all other physicians, must graduate from an accredited medical school, complete an accredited residency program, and pass medical licensing examinations.

For more information on New York licensure requirements, go to: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/med/.

Board Certification
Certification is a voluntary process and is not required, but most ophthalmologists do become board certified by the American Board of Ophthalmology. Certification is granted to Eye M.D.s who successfully complete an accredited course of education in ophthalmology and an evaluation, including an examination process that evaluates both the knowledge and experience of the ophthalmologist through two examinations, a written qualifying examination and an oral examination.

For more information on board certification, go to: http://www.abop.org/become/req/index.asp.

Financial Support

Individual medical schools and residency programs have various financial aid and scholarship programs. Please check with each medical school to discover what options for funding an ophthalmologist education and residency program might be.

Ophthalmology Graduate Medical Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For additional information on ophthalmologists and eye care, go to:

New York State Ophthalmological Society: www.nysos.com

American Academy of Ophthalmology: www.aao.org

American Board of Medical Specialties: www.abms.org

What Do Opticians Do?

Opticians design, measure, fit, and adapt eyeglasses, frames, and contact lenses for clients according to prescriptions from ophthalmologists or optometrists. Opticians measure a client’s eyes, including the distance between the centers of the pupils and between the eye surface and a lens to determine the best fit for each individual. Opticians use a range of factors to determine and recommend frames and lenses for a client, from facial features to occupation. Opticians will prepare a work order for an optical laboratory containing instructions for grinding and mounting specific lenses in frames. They will verify exactness of finished lenses and adjust frame and lens position to fit the client. An optician may shape or reshape frames until a precise fit is achieved.

For additional information on opticians, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/opticians-dispensing.htm.

Where Do Opticians Work?

Opticians work in physician offices, optical stores, and retail and department stores. Most opticians work 40 hours a week, and some may work evenings and weekends, especially those based in stores.

How Much Do Opticians Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for opticians, dispensing in the United States was $44,890. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, opticians, dispensing in New York earned a median annual salary of $62,640 (opticians, dispensing in the 25th percentile made approximately $44,480 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $70,141).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for opticians in the U.S. will increase by 4% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for opticians, dispensing in the state will increase by 28% between 2020 and 2030.

Middle age is a time when many individuals use corrective lenses for the first time, and older adults generally require more vision care than others. As the share of these older age groups in the population increases, more opticians will be needed to provide services to them. However, the number of job openings for opticians will be limited because the occupation is small. Also, new technology is allowing opticians to work faster, limiting the need for more workers. Also moderating the need for optician services is the growing use of laser surgery to correct vision problems.

Still, fashion also influences demand. Eyeglasses frames come in a growing variety of styles, colors, and sizes, encouraging people to buy more than one pair or switch frames frequently, thereby requiring the services of opticians.

For more information on projections of opticians by New York State labor regions, (2018-2028), click here.

Educational Requirements

While a high school degree is desirable as is at least some college, most workers entering this occupation receive their training on the job, mainly through formal apprenticeship programs that may last two years or longer. This training includes technical instruction in which, for example, new opticians measure a customer’s eyes or adjust frames under the supervision of an experienced optician. Trainees also learn sales and office management practices.

Individuals interested in the field should have knowledge of mathematics, physics, geometry, mechanical drawing, algebra, and basic anatomy. Some employers prefer to hire people who have graduated from an opticianry or ophthalmic dispensing program. A number of community colleges and technical schools offer formal education in opticianry. Some award an associate degree, which takes two years, and others offer a certificate, which takes one year. An accredited two-year degree program may provide general math and science courses (physics algebra, trigonometry) and specific courses in the anatomy of the eye and courses in ophthalmic materials and dispensing. Familiarity with a variety of computer skills is also valuable.

For more information on accredited optician schools, go to: http://www.coaccreditation.com/.

New York Licensure Requirements

To be licensed as an optician in New York, individuals must graduate from a two-year ophthalmic dispensing education program registered or approved by New York State Education Department or satisfactorily complete an NYSED approved two-year apprenticeship training program. Applicants must also pass a written and a practical exam. Additional requirements are necessary to dispense contact lenses. For more information on New York State licensure requirements, go to: www.op.nysed.gov/prof/od/

National Certification
While certification is not required for an optician to practice in New York, national certifications are available from either the American Board of Opticianry for those who fit, work with, or dispense eyeglasses and the National Contact Lens Examiners for those who fit and work with contact lenses. For more information on these certifications, go to: http://www.abo-ncle.org/.

Financial Support

Some colleges, various optical companies, and state and local optician associations, including the New York State Society of Opticians, http://www.nysso.org/, offer scholarships for students pursuing optician degrees.

Education Programs in New York

Additional Web Links

American Board of Opticianry (ABO) and National Contact Lens Examiners (NCLE)

New York State Optometric Association

New York State Society of Opticians

Optical Society of Western New York

Opticians Alliance of New York

What Do Optometrists Do?

Optometrists, also known as doctors of optometry, or ODs, are health care professionals who specialize in vision and eye care, but are not medical doctors. They examine people’s eyes to diagnose vision problems, such as nearsightedness and farsightedness, and they test patients’ depth and color perception and ability to focus and coordinate the eyes. Optometrists may prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses, or they may prescribe or provide other treatments, such as vision therapy or low-vision rehabilitation. Optometrists may also provide patients with preoperative and postoperative care for cataract, laser vision correction, and other eye surgeries.

Optometrists also test for glaucoma and other eye diseases and diagnose conditions caused by systemic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure, referring patients to other health practitioners as needed.

For more information, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/optometrists.htm.

Where Do Optometrists Work?

The majority of optometrists are in general practice and work in private offices, sometimes solo or with one or more partners. Other optometrists work at hospitals, outpatient clinics, retail stores, or eye care centers.

How Much Do Optometrists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for optometrists in the United States was $133,100. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, optometrists in New York earned a median annual salary of $147,872 (optometrists in the 25th percentile made approximately $86,936 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $175,724).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for optometrists in the U.S. will increase by 10% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for optometrists in the state will increase by 23% between 2020 and 2030.

A growing population that recognizes the importance of good eye care and an increasing number of health insurance plans that include vision care will help generate greater demand for optometrists. Also, as the baby boomer population segment ages, the onset of vision problems that occurs at older ages, such as cataracts and glaucoma, will also increase demand for optometrists. In addition, increased incidences of diabetes and hypertension in the general population as well as in the elderly will generate greater demand for optometric services as these diseases often affect eyesight.

The increasing popularity of laser surgery to correct some vision problems may reduce some of the demand for optometrists as patients often do not require eyeglasses afterward. But optometrists will still be needed to provide preoperative and postoperative care for laser surgery patients. In addition, new technology allows each optometrist to see more patients in less time which may also stem the need for more optometrists.

For more information on projections of optometrists by New York State labor regions, (2018-2028), click here.

Educational Requirements

Optometrists need a Doctor of Optometry degree, which requires the completion of a four-year program at an accredited optometry school, preceded by at least three years of preoptometric study (biology, chemistry, physics, English, mathematics) at an accredited college or university.

Optometry programs include classroom and laboratory study of health and visual sciences as well as clinical training in the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. Courses in pharmacology, optics, vision science, biochemistry, and systemic diseases are included, as well as training in the design, construction, application, and fitting of corrective lenses.

Admission into optometry schools is competitive, therefore most applicants to optometry school major in a science, such as biology or chemistry as undergraduates. Individuals interested in attending optometry school must also take the Optometry Admission Test (OAT) which measures academic ability and scientific comprehension. Further post graduate residency training for optometry areas include glaucoma, neuro-optometry and pediatric specializations.

New York Licensure Requirements

All states require optometrists to be licensed. To be licensed in New York, optometrists must complete a professional program in optometry registered by the New York State Department of Education and accredited by the American Optometric Association Council on Optometric Education (AOACOE) and also pass a licensure exam administered by the National Board of Examiners in Optometry. An additional test is required if the optometrist is seeking to use therapeutic medication. For more information on the New York licensures requirements, go to: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/optom/.

For more information on the examination requirements, go to: http://optometry.org/.

Financial Support

Scholarships for tuition may be available at individual optometry schools. Many of the schools and colleges of optometry also have financial aid packages and loans available for students as well as financial arrangements or contract programs which allow students from various states to attend their institution at the resident rate. Contact the admissions officer at the school(s) or college(s) of your choice for specific tuition and fee information and financial assistance information.

Also, explore possible financial support at the American Academy of Optometry Web site, http://www.aaopt.org/AOF/Programs, which lists scholarships that are available to optometry students.

Education Programs in the Northeast

There are 20 accredited schools of optometry in the United States, and one in Puerto Rico. Three of the schools are located in the Northeast (listed below). For information on the other schools of optometry located in the U.S., go to: http://www.opted.org/about-optometric-education/

Additional Web Links

For more information, visit the American Optometric Association: http://www.aoa.org/

and the New York State Optometric Association: http://nysoa.org/.

What Do Patient Care Technicians/Associates Do?

Patient care technicians or associates (PCTs or PCAs) provide various aspects of patient care under the direct supervision of a registered nurse (RN) or doctor. They provide communication, comfort, and safety for the patient and typically have more clinical responsibility and technical skills than nursing aides. They assist patients with walking, bathing, eating, dressing, and getting in and out of beds, wheelchairs, and stretchers. Other duties may include taking and recording temperature, pulse, weight, and respiration rate, and obtaining specimens as directed by medical staff. They may also prepare rooms, sterilize equipment and escort patients to exam rooms and surgery. Some facilities create job ladders for PCTs/PCAs. Those with more technical skills and experience have more patient care responsibilities and receive a higher salary.

PCTs/PCAs seem to share a job description with certified nursing assistants; however, there is no uniform requirement for certification of PCTs/PCAs, as there is for certified nursing assistants. Some states do not recognize PCTs/PCAs as functionally separate from certified nursing assistants and require certification regardless of job title. Even so, the trained PCT/PCA who has passed one or two of the available certification examinations will earn a significantly higher wage.

Where Do Patient Care Technicians/Associates Work?

PCTs’/PCAs’ duties involve caring for people in hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care facilities. Work settings for PCTs/PCAs include hospitals, doctors’ offices, nursing homes, and health care agencies. They also may provide care in patients’ homes.

How Much Do Patient Care Technicians/Associates Earn?

The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not publish employment and earnings data for patient care technicians/associates. According to salary.com, the median salary for patient technicians/associates in the United States is approximately $34,666, slightly lower than the median salary of $36,992 in New York State. In NYS, patient care technicians/associates in the 25th percentile make approximately $33,839 while those in the 75th percentile make approximately $40,954.

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for nursing assistants and orderlies in the U.S. will increase by 5% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for nursing assistants in the state will increase by 17% between 2020 and 2030. The profession is listed as one of the U.S. Department of Labor’s “Bright Outlook” occupations. Click here.

New York Educational Requirements

In many cases, PCTs/PCAs receive classroom and hands-on training through the hospital or facility that will employ them. Training and education requirements for PCTs/PCAs who work in hospitals or physician offices vary by institution. In some instances, employers may require a high school diploma or an associate degree and will provide on-the-job training. Others may require prior nursing aide experience or an LPN or CNA certificate or degree.

New York Licensure Requirements

New York does not require PCTs/PCAs to be licensed or certified, primarily because they work under the supervision of a licensed RN who completes any tasks that require a licensed professional.

For information about obtaining a PCT/PCA certification, please to the NHA website.

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

What Do Perfusionists Do?

Perfusionists are skilled allied health professionals. They use medical technology to sustain the heart, lungs, circulatory, and respiratory functions of the body during surgery. Specifically, perfusionists operate a heart-lung (or cardiopulmonary bypass) machine that keeps oxygenated blood flowing throughout the body during surgery, and they also monitor blood circulation.

If a patient requires additional blood products or medications during the procedure, the perfusionist can administer these through the heart-lung machine. The perfusionist also supervises the patient’s body temperature by increasing or decreasing the temperature of the patient’s blood as it passes through the machine.
In addition to these critical responsibilities in the operating room, the perfusionist may evaluate and select new equipment, order supplies, and oversee technical support staff.

Where Do Perfusionists Work?

The majority of perfusionists work in hospitals as part of a surgical team. Some job opportunities also exist in research and development.

How Much Do Perfusionists Earn?

The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not publish employment and earnings data for perfusionists. According to salary.com, the median salary for perfusionists in the United States is approximately $150,880, slightly lower than the median salary of $161,000 in New York State. In NYS, perfusionists in the 25th percentile make approximately $145,240 while those in the 75th percentile make approximately $175,540.

Supply and Demand

There is increasing demand for perfusionists, due partly to an aging population that will require more open-heart surgeries, as well as an intensified focus on cardiac health in response to high heart-related mortality rates nationwide. The job market for perfusionists is competitive and small, and also provides a relatively high level of job security.

New York Educational Requirements

Most perfusion programs require the applicant to have a bachelor’s degree with a concentration in science, mathematics, medical technology, respiratory therapy, biological sciences, or nursing, though some schools offer an undergraduate degree specifically in cardiovascular perfusion. Graduate programs are generally one to four years long depending on the program objectives, prerequisites, and student qualifications. Students may receive a bachelor’s or master’s degree, or a certificate in clinical perfusion, depending on what program they select.

New York Licensure Requirements

New York does not require perfusionists to be licensed or certified, though certain employers may require national certification as a condition of employment. To become a certified clinical perfusionist (CCP), individuals must meet a series of requirements established by the American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion (ABCP). For more about the ABCP and the requirements to become a CCP, click here.

Financial Support

The American Society of Extra-Corporeal Technology awards $1,500 annually to one student who exhibits outstanding academic achievement. Applicants must maintain at least a B+ grade point average. Additional information can be found at: http://www.aie.org/scholarships/.

Education Programs in the Northeastern U.S. (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For more information on Perfusion, go to:

American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion: www.abcp.org/index.html

New York State Society of Perfusionists: nyssp.com

What Do Pharmacists Do?

Pharmacists are licensed health care professionals who distribute prescription drugs. As specialists in the use and clinical effects of drugs, they also advise patients, as well as physicians and other health practitioners, on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications. Pharmacists monitor the health and progress of patients to ensure the safe and effective use of medication. They are responsible for making sure medications are safely handled and properly prepared before dispensing them to patients. They also provide information and counseling on both prescribed medications and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.

Pharmacists who work in hospitals or clinics may consult with medical staff on drug selections and effects and may make sterile solutions to be administered intravenously to patients in the hospital.

For more information about pharmacists, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/pharmacists.htm

Where Do Pharmacists Work?

Most practicing pharmacists work in community pharmacies, including independent and chain drug stores, grocery stores, and department stores. They also work in hospitals, home care agencies, mail-order pharmacies, and in the pharmaceutical industry.

How Much Do Pharmacists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for pharmacists in the United States was $129,410. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, pharmacists in New York earned a median annual salary of $137,685 (pharmacists in the 25th percentile made approximately $104,658 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $151,254).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for pharmacists in the U.S. will increase by 2% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for pharmacists in the state will increase by 10% between 2020 and 2030.

Demand is projected to increase for pharmacists in a variety of healthcare settings, including hospitals and clinics. Employment of pharmacists in traditional retail settings is projected to decline slightly as mail order and online pharmacy sales increase. Any growth is attributable, in part, to the aging of the population: older adults use more prescription drugs than younger people do. Also, scientific advances will lead to new drug products.

For more information on employment projections for pharmacists by New York State labor regions, click here.

Educational Requirements

Pharmacists must have a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree from an accredited school.

Undergraduate coursework typically includes courses such as math and natural sciences, as well as chemistry, biology, and physics. For some Pharm.D. programs, applicants must already have a bachelor’s degree. For most graduate programs, applicants also must take the Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT).

Pharm.D. programs usually take four years to finish, beyond the bachelor’s, although some programs offer a three-year option. A Pharm.D. program includes courses in pharmacology and medical ethics, as well as supervised work experiences in different settings, such as hospitals and retail pharmacies.

New York Licensure Requirements

A license to practice pharmacy is required in all U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and all U.S. territories. The prospective pharmacist must graduate from a college of pharmacy accredited by the American Council on Pharmaceutical Education (ACPE), complete an internship, and pass a series of examinations. For more information on New York licensure requirements for pharmacists, go to: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/pharm/.

Financial Support

The Web site for the National Association of Chain Drug Stores provides scholarships, loans, grants and other awards information for pharmacy students. For more information, go to: https://www.nacdsfoundation.org/priorities/apply-for-funding/.

The American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education (AFPE) also offers a number of undergraduate and graduate scholarships to pharmacy students. For more information, go to: http://www.afpenet.org/.

Education Programs in New York

Additional Web Links

For more information on pharmacists go to:

American Pharmacist Association: www.pharmacist.com

American Society of Health-System Pharmacists: www.ashp.org

American Society of Consultant Pharmacists: www.ascp.com

National Community Pharmacists Association: www.ncpanet.org

New York State Council for Health-system Pharmacists: www.nyschp.org

Pharmacists Society of the State of New York: www.pssny.org

What Do Pharmacy Aides Do?

Pharmacy aides perform administrative duties in pharmacies. Aides are often clerks or cashiers who primarily answer telephones, handle money, stock shelves, and perform other clerical and administrative duties. Pharmacy aides may also assist pharmacists with maintaining patient records, processing insurance claim forms, and taking inventory of prescription and over-the-counter medications.

Where Do Pharmacy Aides Work?

The majority of pharmacy aides work in retail pharmacies, including chain and independent drug stores, and pharmacy departments within hospitals, grocery stores, department stores, and retail stores. A small number of pharmacy aides work at mail-order or online pharmacies, clinics, and pharmaceutical wholesalers.

How Much Do Pharmacy Aides Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for pharmacy aides was $35,870. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, pharmacy aides earned a median annual salary of $34,167 (pharmacy aides in the 25th percentile made approximately $31,583 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $41,111).

Supply and Demand

The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for pharmacy aides in the state will increase by 9% between 2020 and 2030.

For more information on projections of pharmacy aides by New York State labor regions click here.

New York Education Requirements

Individuals interested in a career as a pharmacy aide should have a high school diploma.

Most pharmacy aides are trained on the job. Employers prefer applicants with previous experience and strong customer service skills. Prospective pharmacy aides with experience working as cashiers may have an advantage when applying for jobs. Employers also prefer applicants with experience managing inventories and using computers.

Pharmacy aides begin their training by observing a more experienced worker. Pharmacy aides need spelling, reading, and mathematics skills. Successful pharmacy aides are organized, dedicated, friendly, and responsible.

What Do Physical Therapists Do?

Physical therapists (PTs) are licensed health care professionals who help people with injuries or illnesses improve their movement and manage their pain. PTs are often an important part of rehabilitation and treatment for patients with chronic conditions or injuries that limit their ability to move well or comfortably or do functional activities as well as they would like in their daily lives. PTs help patients recover from physical injuries, diseases, or disabilities and aim to relieve patients’ pain, improve their body movement, restore function, and limit impairment. PTs will assess a patient, then plan and implement treatment to improve strength, coordination, flexibility, range  of motion, and endurance. Treatment may include stretching and strengthening exercises; applying heat, cold, water, or electricity to reduce pain and inflammation; and therapeutic massage.

PTs frequently work with accident victims and individuals with a variety of conditions, such as back problems, sports injuries, arthritis, heart disease, fractures, head injuries, multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy.

In addition, PTs work with individuals to prevent the loss of mobility before it occurs by developing fitness and wellness-oriented programs for healthier and more active lifestyles.

While most physical therapists treat a wide array of patients and conditions, some specialize in areas such as pediatrics, geriatrics, brain injury, or sports medicine. For more information, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physical-therapists.htm.

Where Do Physical Therapists Work?

PTs work in hospitals, outpatient clinics and private offices that have specially equipped facilities. PTs also work in rehabilitation facilities, nursing homes, home health agencies and schools. A small percentage of PTs are self-employed.
A PT’s job can be physically demanding, because PTs may have to stoop, kneel, crouch, lift and stand for long periods of time. In addition, PTs may move heavy equipment and lift patients or help them turn, stand or walk.

How Much Do Physical Therapists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for physical therapists in the United States was $97,960. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, physical therapists in New York earned a median annual salary of $100,917 (physical therapists in the 25th percentile made approximately $75,584 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $123,555).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for physical therapists in the U.S. will increase by 17% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for physical therapists in the state will increase by 28% between 2020 and 2030.

The increasing older adult population in the U.S. will drive growth in the demand for physical therapy services because this age group is staying active in sports and exercise later in life than previous generations did. In addition to various sports- and exercise-related injuries, the active baby boom generation is just entering the prime age for arthritis, heart attacks, and strokes, increasing the demand for physical therapy services and rehabilitation care. Medical and technological developments will permit a greater percentage of trauma and accident victims and newborns with birth defects to survive, creating additional demand for rehabilitative care by PTs. Sports-related injuries for people of all ages are also more frequently referred to and improved by physical therapy.

For more information on projections of PTs by New York State labor regions, (2018-2028), click here.

Educational Requirements

PTs are required to have a postgraduate professional degree. Physical therapy programs usually award a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) degree, although a small number award a Master of Physical Therapy (MPT) degree. Doctoral programs typically last three years; MPT programs require two or three years of study. Most physical therapy degree programs require a bachelor’s degree for admission, and many require specific prerequisites, such as anatomy, physiology, biology, and chemistry.

Coursework includes biology, anatomy, exercise physiology, biomechanics, pathology, and basic medical sciences. Studies will also focus on the evaluation and treatment of the heart, lungs, muscles, bones, and the nervous system. PT programs will also require behavioral science courses, such as evidence-based practice and clinical reasoning. Some of the clinically-based courses include medical screening, examination tests and measures, diagnostic process, therapeutic interventions, outcomes assessment, and practice management. In addition to classroom and laboratory instruction, students receive supervised clinical experience. Some PT’s complete a residency and obtain board certification, both of which are optional.

New York Licensure Requirements

In order to be licensed as a physical therapist in New York, an applicant must complete an accredited education program in physical therapy and pass the National Physical Therapy Examination administered by the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy.

For more information on state licensing requirements, go to: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/pt/.

Financial Support

The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) offers scholarships and other information for students in physical therapy education programs. Please visit their Web site at http://www.apta.org/ and see information about scholarships at http://www.apta.org/CurrentStudents/ScholarshipsAwards/

Education Programs in New York

Additional Web Links

For more information on physical therapists go to:

American Physical Therapy Association: http://www.apta.org

New York Physical Therapy Association: http://www.nypta.org

Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy: http://www.fsbpt.org

What Do Physical Therapist Assistants Do?

Physical Therapist Assistants (PTAs) work under the direction of a physical therapist (PT) to provide services that relieve pain and improve mobility for patients who are recovering from physical injuries, diseases, or disabilities.

PTAs may assist PTs by performing routine treatments such as helping patients with stretching exercises or using exercise equipment, applying hot or cold packs, administering traction and massage, and training in gait and balance skills. They may also teach patients to use braces and crutches. PTAs may monitor and record treatment responses and report concerns to the supervising physical therapist. They might also have clerical duties, such as ordering supplies or processing insurance forms.

For more information, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physical-therapist-assistants-and-aides.htm.

Where Do Physical Therapist Assistants Work?

The majority of PTA jobs are in physical therapy practices and offices and in hospitals. PTAs may also be found in nursing homes, home health agencies, and rehabilitation centers.

How Much Do Physical Therapist Assistants Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for physical therapist assistants in the United States was $64,510. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, physical therapist assistants in New York earned a median annual salary of $60,130 (physical therapist assistants in the 25th percentile made approximately $50,443 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $72,913).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for physical therapist assistants and aides in the U.S. will increase by 24% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for physical therapist assistants in the state will increase by 44% between 2020 and 2030.

The increasing older adult population in the U.S. will drive growth in the demand for physical therapy services because this age group is staying active in sports and exercise later in life than previous generations did. In addition to various sports- and exercise-related injuries, the active baby boom generation is just entering the prime age for arthritis, heart attacks, and strokes, increasing the demand for physical therapy services and rehabilitation care. Medical and technological developments also permit a greater percentage of trauma and accident victims and newborns with birth defects to survive, creating additional demand for rehabilitative care. Sports-related injuries for people of all ages are also more frequently referred to and improved by physical therapy. These patients often need additional assistance in their treatment, making the roles of PTAs vital.

In addition, PTs are expected to increasingly use PTAs to reduce the cost of services. Once a patient is evaluated and a treatment plan is designed by the PT, the PTA can often provide many parts of the treatment, as directed by the PT.

For more information on projections of PTAs by New York State labor regions, (2018-2028), click here.

Educational Requirements

PTAs must complete a two-year physical therapist assistant program that is registered with New York State or accredited by the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). These programs will have coursework in algebra, biology, chemistry, anatomy, physiology and psychology. A supervised clinical work experience is considered essential, and will include CPR and other first aid certifications as well as hands-on and field experience in treatment centers.

New York Licensure Requirements

Most states require PTAs to be licensed. In order to be certified as a PTA in New York, an applicant must successfully complete a PTA education program that is registered with the New York State Education Department or accredited by the APTA. PTAs must also pass the National Physical Therapist Assistant Examination administered by the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy and meet all criteria for licensure in New York, including clinical experience.

For more information on state licensing requirements, go to: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/pt/ptlic.htm.

Financial Support

The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) offers scholarships and scholarship information for PTA students. For more information, go to: http://www.apta.org/CurrentStudents/ScholarshipsAwards/

Education Programs in New York

Additional Web Links

For more information about PTAs, go to the American Physical Therapy Association Web site: http://www.apta.org/.

To learn more about physical therapist assistants, check out this video.

What Do Physician Assistants Do?

Physician assistants (PAs) are health care professionals who practice medicine under the supervision of physicians and surgeons. Working as members of a health care team, PAs take medical histories, examine and treat patients, order and interpret laboratory tests and x-rays, instruct and counsel patients, make diagnoses, and prescribe certain medications.

Many PAs work in primary care specialties, such as general internal medicine, pediatrics, and family medicine. Other specialty areas such as general and thoracic surgery, emergency medicine, orthopedics, and geriatrics. PAs specializing in surgery provide preoperative and postoperative care and may work as first or second assistants during major surgery.

For more information on physician assistants, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physician-assistants.htm.

Where Do Physician Assistants Work?

Most PAs work in doctors’ offices. PAs also work in general medical and surgical hospitals and in outpatient care centers, including health clinics, health maintenance organizations, federal or state government institutions, and in colleges and schools.

How Much Do Physician Assistants Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for physician assistants in the United States was $125,270. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, physician assistants in New York earned a median annual salary of $139,528 (physician assistants in the 25th percentile made approximately $110,141 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $156,172).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for physician assistants in the U.S. will increase by 28% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for physician assistants in the state will increase by 40% between 2020 and 2030.

Job opportunities for PAs should be very good for many years, particularly in rural and inner-city hospitals and clinics because those settings have difficulty attracting physicians. Also, as more physicians enter specialty areas of medicine, there will be a greater need for primary health care providers, such as PAs.  And as the U.S. population ages, PAs are expected to have an increasing role in keeping older adults healthy and caring for them when they get ill.

Rapid job growth for PAs also reflects the expansion of the health care industry and an emphasis on cost containment. PAs offer a cost-effective approach to increase routine health care services since they can relieve physicians of routine duties and procedures. Health care providers are also expected to use more physician assistants in new ways as states continue to allow assistants to do more procedures.

For more information on projections for PAs by New York State labor regions, (2018-2028), click here.

Educational Requirements

Although education programs’ admission requirements vary, most applicants to PA education programs already have a bachelor’s degree and some prior health care work experience, such as being a registered nurse, emergency medical technician (EMT), or paramedic.

PA education programs usually take at least two years and typically lead to a master’s degree, although some offer a bachelor’s degree. Coursework will include biology, pathology, biochemistry, human anatomy, physiology, clinical pharmacology, clinical medicine, physical diagnosis, and medical ethics, as well as a supervised clinical training rotation in a medical facility.

PA education programs must be approved by the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistants (ARC-PA). All states require PAs to complete an accredited, formal education program and pass a national exam to obtain a license.

For more information on accredited PA programs, go to: http://www.arc-pa.org.

New York Licensure Requirements

To be licensed as a PA in New York, an individual must be a graduate of an ARC-PA accredited or New York State Education Department approved PA education program and must pass the Physician Assistant National Certification Examination (PANCE).For more information on PANCE, go to the National Commission of Certification of Physician Assistants at: http://www.nccpa.net.

For more information on New York State licensure requirements, go to: http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/med/rpa.htm.

Financial Support

For more information about PA scholarships and fellowships from the PA Foundation, the philanthropic arm of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, go to the PA Foundation Web site, http://www.pa-foundation.org/, and click on the Scholarships and Foundations tab.

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For more information on PAs, go to:

American Academy of Physician Assistants: http://www.aapa.org

New York State Society of Physician Assistants: http://www.nysspa.org

To learn more about physician assistants, check out this video.

What Do Physicians Do?

Physicians diagnose and treat diseases, illnesses, injuries, and physical and psychological problems. They examine and treat patients; obtain medical histories; and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. They may also counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive health care.

There are two types of physicians, the Medical Doctor (MD), or allopathic physician, and the Doctor of Osteopathy (DO). Both types of physicians may use all accepted treatment methods including drugs and surgery, but DOs generally place special emphasis on the body’s musculoskeletal system, incorporate more preventive medicine, and utilize holistic health care practices. DOs are most likely to be primary care specialists although they can be found in all specialties.

Physicians may work in one or more specialties that generally fit into four general categories: primary care, surgical, medical, and other. The category of “other” includes specialties such as radiology, dermatology, forensic pathology, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, public health, anesthesiology, and many more.

For more information about physicians, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physicians-and-surgeons.htm.

For more information on specialties, go to the  Council of Medical Specialty Societies website. Click here.

Where Do Physicians Work?

Many physicians work in private offices or clinics. Increasingly, physicians are practicing in groups or health care organizations that provide backup coverage and allow for more time off. Surgeons and anesthesiologists usually work in hospitals or surgical outpatient centers.

Some physicians work in research laboratories, medical schools, Veterans Administration hospitals, or Indian Health Service clinics.

Although their work can be exceptionally rewarding, many physicians and surgeons work long, irregular hours. While on call, a physician will deal with many patients’ concerns over the phone and make emergency visits to hospitals or nursing homes.

How Much Do Physicians Earn?

Earnings of physicians and surgeons are among the highest of any occupation. Total compensation for physicians and surgeons tends to vary by type of practice, years in practice, geographic region of practice, hours worked, skill, and professional reputation.

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for general internal medicine physicians in the United States was $225,270. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, general internal medicine physicians in New York earned a median annual salary of $174,151 (general internal medicine physicians in the 25th percentile made approximately $77,317 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $265,258).

Self-employed physicians—those who own or are part owners of their medical practice—generally have higher median incomes than salaried physicians. However, self-employed physicians and surgeons must provide for their own practice insurance, health insurance, and retirement.

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for physicians and surgeons in the U.S. will increase by 3% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for general internal medicine physicians in the state will increase by 6% between 2020 and 2030.

It is expected that there will continue to be a growing need for physicians influenced by the aging of the population, emerging technologies, and overall increased access to and demand for health care services. Many medical schools are increasing their enrollments based on perceived new demand for physicians.

The need for physicians differs by location, with greater need in rural and inner-city areas, and by specialty. For example, there is a larger need for more primary care physicians than many specialties.

For more information on physician and surgeon supply and demand, see the BLS job outlook page for this profession.

For more information on projections of physicians by New York State labor regions, (2018-2028), click here.

Educational Requirements

Becoming a physician requires completing medical school. Entry into medical school usually requires a bachelor’s degree or some other advanced degree. As a bachelor’s degree is typical of students before entering medical school, those students planning to attend medical school are often called “pre-med”. A pre-med undergraduate education focuses heavily on science, with courses in physics, biology, mathematics, English, and inorganic and organic chemistry. Many pre-med students also take courses in the humanities and the social sciences.

Formal education and training requirements for physicians are among the most demanding of any occupation. After completing four years of undergraduate education and receiving a degree, medical school applicants must take the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). Acceptance to medical school is highly competitive. Once in medical school, students will complete four years of graduate medical education, which includes classroom, laboratory, and supervised clinical training; followed by three to eight years of internship and residency, depending on the specialty selected. A few medical schools offer combined undergraduate and medical school programs that last six or seven years rather than the customary eight years.

New York Licensure Requirements

To practice medicine as a physician, all states, the District of Columbia, and all U.S. territories require licensing. All physicians and surgeons practicing in the U.S. must pass the U.S. Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). To be eligible to take the USMLE in its entirety, physicians must graduate from an accredited medical school.

To be licensed as a physician in New York, an individual must graduate from an accredited medical school, complete an accredited residency program, and pass medical licensing examinations. For more information on New York licensure requirements, go to http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/med/medlic.htm.

Board Certification
While board certification is not required for licensure in New York, most physicians are board certified by the board of their specialty. Board certification usually includes written and oral tests that evaluate both the knowledge and experience of the physician. For more information about board certification or links to specific specialty boards, go to the American Board of Medical Specialties website: http://www.abms.org.

Financial Support

Most medical schools offer need-based and merit-based scholarships, based on the availability of the school’s funds. The medical school’s financial aid office is the primary point of contact for all financial aid matters and is a valuable resource for detailed information about grant and loan programs in New York and from the federal government. Once admitted to a medical school, explore the options at the school’s financial aid office and be sure to discuss the many good alternatives to borrowing and loans. Financial aid and other options may also be available for the pre-med period.

The federal government provides National Health Service Corps scholarships and loan repayment to physicians in exchange for a service commitment in a health professional shortage area (HPSA). It also offers loans for disadvantaged students and health professions student loans based on need. For more information, go to: https://bhw.hrsa.gov/loans-scholarships

New York State offers a physician loan forgiveness award program. The purpose of the Regents Physician Loan Forgiveness Award Program is to increase the number of physicians practicing in areas of New York State designated by the New York State Board of Regents as having a shortage of physicians. Emphasis is placed on primary care. For more information, click here

Pending the appropriation of State funds during the yearly session of the New York State legislature, at least 80 awards up to $10,000 per year for two years are offered. Award amount is based on undergraduate and medical school student loan amounts, loan interest expense, and income.

The American Medical Association also offers grants, awards, and scholarships to medical students. For more information, go to the AMA Web site page.

A variety of other scholarships, fellowships, and funding opportunities for medical school and other health professions are listed here.

Undergraduate Medical Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For more information about a career as a physician go to:

American Medical Association: http://www.ama-assn.org

American Osteopathic Association: www.osteopathic.org/

Medical Society of the State of New York: http://www.mssny.org

Association of American Medical Colleges: http://www.aamc.org

American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine: http://www.aacom.org

What Do Podiatrists Do?

Podiatrists specialize in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of foot and ankle problems. They use medical and surgical interventions to treat foot deformities, growths, and injuries, as well as foot problems associated with diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, or arthritis. In diagnosing foot problems, podiatrists may conduct a comprehensive evaluation of all body systems, using x-rays, blood tests, and physical exams. As part of treatment, podiatrists may prescribe oral or topical medications or physical therapy, and may set fractures and perform surgery. They may also fit patients for casts or orthotics. Podiatrists also perform corrective surgery and arthroscopy.

Since many serious diseases may first manifest as foot problems, podiatrists may be the first provider to recognize medical problems such as heart disease, diabetes, or arthritis. Podiatrists will consult with and refer patients to other health practitioners when they detect symptoms of these disorders. Some podiatrists specialize in podiatric surgery, orthopedics, sports medicine, pediatrics, geriatrics, or diabetic foot care.

For more information, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/podiatrists.htm.

Where Do Podiatrists Work?

Most podiatrists work in offices of podiatry, either their own or with other podiatrists or health practitioners. Podiatrists also work in hospitals, Veterans hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, and rehabilitation facilities.

How Much Do Podiatrists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for podiatrists in the United States was $157,970. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, podiatrists in New York earned a median annual salary of $134,398 (podiatrists in the 25th percentile made approximately $84,037 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $190,599).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for podiatrists in the U.S. will increase by 2% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for podiatrists in the state will increase by 12% between 2020 and 2030.

Demand for podiatrists may be growing because of the rising number of injuries sustained by a more active and increasingly older population in the U.S. Also, demand for podiatrists will increase because of the rising number of Americans who are overweight or obese or are diagnosed with diabetes. People who experience a lot of weight gain may have intense pressure on the foot and ankle, and therefore may also need the services of podiatrists. People with diabetes have circulatory problems that create the need for them to seek the aid of podiatrists.

For more information on projections of podiatrists by New York labor regions, (2018-2028), click here.

Educational Requirements

Podiatrists complete training to obtain a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree. Students applying to schools of podiatry have a bachelor’s degree and have completed many science courses such as chemistry, biology, zoology, and physics. Applicants to a podiatry education programs should take the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), although some schools accept the Dental Admissions Test (DAT) or the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) instead.

Podiatry education lasts four years (after the bachelor’s degree) and includes both classroom and clinical training, similar to other medical degrees. After completing a DPM degree, podiatry students are required to complete a three-year residency. Podiatrists who decide to specialize will need more extensive training, beyond the residency.

New York Licensure Requirements

In the U.S., podiatrists must be licensed. To be licensed as a podiatrist in New York, an individual must be a graduate of an accredited podiatry school, and complete at least one year of postgraduate training in an approved podiatry residency program or supervised postgraduate hospital with training in podiatry. New York licensed podiatrists must also pass comprehensive licensing exams. Licensure must be periodically renewed.

For more information about New York licensure requirements for podiatrists, go to: https://www.op.nysed.gov/professions/podiatry/license-requirements.

For more information about the podiatric licensing examination, go to: http://www.nbpme.info/.

Board Certification
While New York does not require a podiatrist to be board certified, a podiatrist may seek board certification from either the American Board of Foot and Ankle Surgery (www.abfas.org) or the American Board of Podiatric Medicine (http://www.abpmed.org/). Board certification in podiatry includes successfully passing written and oral examinations and a review of clinical cases.

Financial Support

Podiatry students are encouraged to check with their school’s financial aid office for a complete listing of scholarships and funding options that might be available.

The American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA) Educational Foundation provides a number of scholarships to podiatric medical students. Learn more about these opportunities at http://www.apma.org/educationalfoundation and also at APMA’s scholarship fund page, click here.

Education Programs in the Northeast (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For more information about podiatrists go to:

American Podiatric Medical Association: http://www.apma.org

New York State Podiatric Medical Association: http://www.nyspma.org

To learn more about podiatrists, check out this video.

What Do Psychiatrists Do?

Psychiatrists are primary mental health physicians who assess, diagnose, and treat mental illnesses and emotional and substance abuse disorders through personal counseling (psychotherapy), psychoanalysis, hospitalization, and medication. Psychotherapy involves regular discussions with patients about their problems to help them find solutions through changes in their behavioral patterns, exploring their past experiences, or group and family therapy sessions.

Psychiatrists may work with people with chronic mental illness, such as schizophrenia or those seeking short-term treatment for specific problems such as phobias. As physicians, psychiatrists can order diagnostic tests and prescribe medication to help a patient through depression or mood disorders or correct chemical imbalances that cause some mental illnesses. Psychiatrists are uniquely qualified to assess both the physical and mental aspects of psychological symptoms. Psychiatrists may specialize in areas such as child, adolescent, forensic, or geriatric psychiatry.

Psychiatrists are medical doctors (ie, physicians) with special training in mental health. As such, they are sometimes grouped with physicians and surgeons by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). For more information, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/physicians-and-surgeons.htm.

Where Do Psychiatrists Work?

Psychiatrists often work in private practices; many work community mental health centers, psychiatric hospitals, and government agencies, too. Psychiatrists often divide their time between a private practice and clinic or hospital work. Psychiatrists are often part of an interdisciplinary treatment team that may include registered nurses, social workers, and psychologists.

In addition to clinical work, psychiatrists often choose to be involved in research, teaching, and administration.

How Much Do Psychiatrists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for psychiatrists in the United States was $247,350. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, psychiatrists in New York earned a median annual salary of $217,230 (psychiatrists in the 25th percentile made approximately $81,809 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $281,399).

Self-employed psychiatrists, as is true with many physicians in general, usually have higher median incomes than salaried psychiatrists. Earnings vary according to number of years in practice, geographic region, hours worked, skills, and professional reputation.

Supply and Demand

The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for psychiatrists in the state will increase by 22% between 2020 and 2030.

Research indicates that demand for psychiatrists is strong and the need for more psychiatrists will continue to grow. However, concerns persist about a shortage of psychiatrists. The shortage is due to fewer medical school graduates choosing careers in psychiatry and the fact that psychiatrists as a group are older than their counterparts in almost every other field of medicine. More than half of all psychiatrists are age 55 or older and many are at or are nearing retirement age.

While the supply of psychiatrists is decreasing, the U.S. population is aging and is also facing a wide array of challenges, both of which are driving demand for mental health services higher. As of June 2014, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) designates about 4,000 Mental Health, Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs) nationwide. This number is likely to grow if steps are not taken to address the shortage of actively practicing psychiatrists. Data presented recently by the American Psychiatric Association concluded that these trends in the psychiatric workforce are already leading to access problems.

In the long term, the principal influences on demand for psychiatrists include legislation on mental health parity with insurance coverage of physical health conditions, and growth in programs’ use and availability, such as Employee Assistance Programs (EAP).

For more information on projections of psychiatrists by New York labor regions, click here.

Educational Requirements

Like other physicians, psychiatrists must complete a pre-medicine undergraduate college education program and then attend four years of medical school. After medical school, psychiatrists must complete a four-year residency program that emphasizes the biologic, psychologic, and social components of mental illnesses. Psychiatry residents are trained in psychiatry, general medical care, neurology, and emergency care. Up to two years of additional training are required for psychiatrists who specialize in areas such as child and adolescent psychiatry.

New York Licensure Requirements

To be licensed in New York, a psychiatrist, like all other physicians, must be a graduate of an accredited medical school, complete an accredited residency program in psychiatry, and pass specific medical licensing examinations. For more information on New York licensure requirements, go to: https://www.op.nysed.gov/professions/psychoanalysts/license-requirements

Board Certification
While board certification is not required for licensure in New York, most psychiatrists are certified by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. Certification includes written and oral tests that evaluate both the knowledge and experience of a psychiatrist. For more information on board certification, go to: http://www.abpn.com.

Financial Support

The American Psychiatric Association has information about and opportunities for fellowships, awards, and scholarships for psychiatry students and residents. Go to: http://www.psychiatry.org/medical-students or  http://www.psychiatry.org/residents.

The federal government provides National Health Service Corps scholarships and loan repayment to physicians in exchange for a service commitment in an health professional shortage area (HPSA). It also offers loans for disadvantaged students and health professions student loans based on need. For more information, go to: http://www.hrsa.gov/loanscholarships/school-based-loans.html.

Psychiatry Graduate Medical Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For more information on psychiatrists go to:

American Psychiatric Association: http://www.psych.org

American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists: http://www.aacp.com

American College of Psychiatrists: http://www.acpsych.org

To learn more about psychiatrists, watch this video.

What Do Psychologists Do?

Psychologists study behavior, mental processes and emotions by observing, interpreting, and recording how people relate to one another and the environment. Psychologists concentrate on people’s behavior and, specifically, in the beliefs and feelings that influence a person’s actions.

Psychologists involved with research tend to look for broad patterns to help them understand and predict behavior using scientific methods, principles, or procedures that test their ideas. The results of research can be used to assess, diagnose, and treat mental illnesses in patients of all ages, using a variety of treatment methods. For example, therapy may be directed at individuals, couples, families or other groups. To help treat patients, psychologists may also collaborate with physicians and/or psychiatrists, who are able to prescribe medications. In some therapy and consulting contexts, psychologists may work with couples and families to help them improve their relationships, or with business people to help them improve communication skills and increase productivity. They may also work with athletes and performers to help them reduce stress and improve performance. Psychologists also work as teachers, trainers and mentors of college students and future psychologists.

Psychologists may specialize in a variety of areas:

Clinical psychologists assess, treat, and prevent mental illnesses. Some specialize in treating chronic or severe psychological disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression, while others help people deal with short-term personal issues, such as a divorce or the death of a loved one. Clinical psychologists often provide psychotherapy to create an opportunity for patients to talk and think about things that are confusing or worrying and offer patients different ways of interpreting and understanding problems and situations.

Neuropsychologists study the relationship between the brain and behavior, and typically work with patients who have sustained a brain injury or patients in stroke and head injury programs. Others may work as researchers and teachers.

Industrial-organizational psychologists study human behavior in the workplace and within organizations in the interest of improving the quality of work life and of the company itself. These psychologists are also involved in research about management and marketing.

Developmental psychologists study the physiological, cognitive, and social development that takes place throughout a person’s life. Some developmental psychologists specialize in behavior during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, or in changes that occur during maturity or old age.

Forensic psychologists apply psychological principles in the legal and criminal justice systems to help judges, attorneys, and other legal professionals understand the psychological findings of a particular case. Forensic psychologists are often designated as an expert witness and typically specialize in either family court, civil court, or criminal court. They may have earned a law degree in their training.

Social psychologists study how people relate to and influence the beliefs and behaviors of others. They explore how people’s mindsets and behavior are shaped by social interactions, and may investigate ways to improve negative interactions between individuals and groups. They less often work in consulting and therapy contexts.

Experimental psychologists study the behavior of human beings and animals, such as rats, monkeys, and pigeons, often at university and private research centers and in business, nonprofit, and governmental organizations. Experimental psychologists work to better understand thought functions such as motivation, attention, learning and memory, sensory and perceptual processes, effects of substance abuse, and genetic and neurological factors affecting behavior. Many of the topics they study are focused on mental processes, in an area of psychology known as cognitive psychology.

School and educational psychologists apply psychological principles and techniques to education-related issues. They may examine students’ learning and behavioral problems, evaluate students’ performance, and counsel students and families. They also may consult with other school-based professionals to suggest improvements to teaching, learning, and administrative strategies.

For more information about psychologists, go to:http://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/psychologists.htm. Emphasis here is placed on psychologists practicing in health care contexts, namely clinical, school, and counseling psychologists.

Where Do Psychologists Work?

Psychologists’ work environments vary greatly by specialty and place of employment. Many clinical and counseling psychologists have a private practices, where they have their own office and set their own hours. Others work in hospitals, nursing homes or other health care settings, which could include evening and weekend shifts. Some school psychologists have private practices too, although many work in educational settings such as schools and include regular daytime hours.

Most psychologists in government and industry have structured schedules. Psychologists employed as faculty by colleges and universities typically divide their time between teaching and research and may also have administrative responsibilities. Success in these contexts often requires many work hours. Some also have part-time consulting practices. Others may exclusively teach college courses.

How Much Do Psychologists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for clinical and counseling psychologists in the United States was $102,470. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, clinical and counseling in New York earned a median annual salary of $108,183 (clinical and counseling psychologists in the 25th percentile made approximately $68,069 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $166,156).

Supply and Demand

The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for clinical, counseling, and school psychologists in the state will increase by 14% between 2020 and 2030.

Employment for psychologists is projected to grow because of increased demand for their services in schools, hospitals, social service agencies, VA hospitals, mental health centers, substance abuse treatment clinics, consulting firms, and private companies.

Also spurring demand for psychologists will be the rising health care costs associated with unhealthy lifestyles, such as smoking, alcoholism, and obesity, which have made prevention and treatment more critical. The growing number of elderly in the U.S. will also increase the demand for psychologists who can help people deal with the mental and physical changes that occur as individuals grow older. There also will be increased need for psychologists to work with veterans.

Job opportunities will be the best for psychologists with a doctoral degree in an applied specialty, such as neuropsychology, school psychology, or clinical psychology. Those psychologists with master’s degrees will also have good prospects as industrial-organizational psychologists.

For more information on employment projections of clinical, school, and counseling psychologists by New York labor regions, 2018-2028, click here.

Educational Requirements

A master’s or doctorate degree, and a license, are required for most psychologists. In New York, psychologists earn a doctorate degree in psychology from a program registered or accepted as equivalent by the New York State Education Department. Psychologists with doctorate degrees with the letters Ph.D., Psy.D. and Ed.D. have all met the same educational requirements. In addition, New York psychologists complete two years of supervised experience, including one year after the doctorate degree. They must also pass a national licensing exam.

Acceptance to graduate psychology programs is highly competitive. A doctorate degree (Ph.D.) generally requires about five years of full-time graduate study, culminating in a dissertation based on original research. A Doctor of Psychology degree (Psy.D.) is often based on practical work and examinations in lieu of a dissertation.

New York Licensure Requirements

In most states, practicing psychology or using the title of “psychologist” requires licensure or certification. This is also the case in New York, where licensure is necessary unless one works in an “exempt setting”. Exempt settings include chartered schools, settings operated by the government, and most colleges and universities; these tend to include those psychologists who focus on research and do not provide health care services to patients or clients. Psychotherapists are not necessarily licensed as psychologists in New York.

To be licensed as a psychologist in New York, an individual must have earn a doctorate degree in psychology from a program approved by the New York State Education Department, complete two years of supervised experience, including one year after the doctorate degree, and pass a national licensing test. This nationally recognized test is the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP), developed by the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards (ASPPB).

For more information on New York State licensure requirements, go to: https://www.op.nysed.gov/professions/psychology/license-requirements.

For more information on the national licensing test for psychologists, go to: http://www.asppb.net/

Financial Support

Psychology students should check first with their college or university financial aid office to learn what scholarships, loans, and funding opportunities might be available.

Psi Chi, the international honor society in psychology, offers updates on awards, grants, and scholarships available for psychology students. Check the Psi Chi Web site for information: http://www.psichi.org/Awards/

The American Psychological Association (APA) also has information about various types of awards and funding opportunities for psychology students on their Web site: http://www.apa.org/education/grad/funding.aspx.

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

For more information on psychologists, go to:

American Psychological Association: http://www.apa.org/; or

New York State Psychological Association at: http://www.nyspa.org/.

For more information about psychology education programs and degrees or a career in psychology, go to the Psychology Career Center Web site: http://www.psychologycareercenter.org/
[whohit]Psychologists[/whohit]

What Do Radiation Therapists Do?

Radiation therapists administer radiation therapy treatments to cancer patients using machines called linear accelerators, which precisely target the cancer cells. As part of a medical radiation oncology team, radiation therapists work with a radiation oncologist and radiation physicist to develop individual treatment plans. Radiation therapists prepare the patient, set up the machinery, operate the machinery, and monitor each radiation session closely. Radiation therapists observe patient reactions, provide nutrition recommendation, and help with nursing care. They also keep detailed records of their patients’ treatments.

Radiation therapists do a fair amount of lifting and must be able to help disabled patients get on and off treatment tables. Radiation therapists generally work 40 hours a week, and unlike workers in some other health care occupations, they typically work only during the day. Working with cancer patients can be stressful, but most radiation therapists also find it rewarding. Because they work around radioactive materials, radiation therapists take great care to ensure that they are not exposed to dangerous levels of radiation. By following standard safety procedures, radiation therapists can prevent overexposure.

To learn more about radiation therapists, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/radiation-therapists.htm.

Where Do Radiation Therapists Work?

The majority of radiation therapists work in hospitals or cancer treatment centers. Some also work in physician’s offices and laboratories.

How Much Do Radiation Therapists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for radiation therapists in the United States was $98,340. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, radiation therapists in New York earned a median annual salary of $113,794 (radiation therapists in the 25th percentile made approximately $87,238 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $164,824).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for radiation therapists in the U.S. will increase by 6% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for  in the state will increase by 16% between 2020 and 2030.

The risk of cancer increases as people age, so the aging population in the U.S. is expected to cause an increase in the number of people needing treatment. In addition, early diagnoses and the development of more sophisticated and effective treatment techniques will lead to an increased demand for radiation therapists. Growth is likely to be rapid across all practice settings, including hospitals, physicians’ offices, and outpatient centers.

For more information on projections of radiation therapists by New York State labor regions, click here.

New York Educational Requirements

While some employers will accept applicants with an associate degree, a bachelor’s degree in radiation therapy is often preferred.

Some radiation therapists complete either of an associate or bachelor’s degree program in radiography (which concentrates on radiological imaging) and then also complete a radiation therapy program. This training lasts a year.

The New York State Department of Health has a list of 2 year and 4 year Schools, Colleges, and Programs for radiation therapy training on their website: https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/doctors/radiological/schlist2.htm

New York Licensure Requirements

In New York, radiation therapists are classified as a subset of radiologic technologists, and must have a license. To obtain a license, radiation therapists must graduate from an accredited radiation therapy program, adhere to established ethical standards, and pass the certification examination given by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT), www.arrt.org.

Financial Support

Students seeking an education in radiation therapy should contact their college financial aid office to learn about funding and scholarship opportunities. Students may also apply for financial aid through a number of state and federal aid programs. More information is available at: www.highered.nysed.gov/postsecondary-services.html.

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

Additional Web Links

The American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology: http://www.astro.org/;

the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group: http://www.rtog.org/;

the American Society of Radiologic Technologists: www.asrt.org;

or, the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT), www.arrt.org.

What Do Radiologic Technologists and Technicians Do?

Radiologic technologists and technicians perform diagnostic imaging examinations. Radiologic technologists use imaging modalities such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and mammography, while radiologic technicians perform imaging examinations like x-rays.

Radiologic technologists perform more complex imaging procedures. When performing fluoroscopies, for example, radiologic technologists prepare a solution for the patient to drink, allowing the radiologist (a physician who interprets radiographs) to see and examine soft tissues in the body.

Some radiologic technologists specialize in computed tomography (CT), as CT technologists. CT scans produce a substantial amount of cross-sectional x-rays of an area of the body from which a 3-dimensional image is made. Radiologic technologists also can specialize in MRIs, as MRI technologists. MRI, like CT, produces multiple cross-sectional images to create a 3-dimensional image. Unlike CT and x-rays, MRI uses non-ionizing radio frequency to generate image contrast. Radiologic technologists might also specialize in mammography.

Radiologic technologists who perform imaging examinations are responsible for accurately positioning patients and ensuring that a quality image is produced. They work closely with radiologists, the physicians who interpret medical images to either diagnose or rule out disease or injury.

Radiologic technicians, sometimes referred to as radiographers, produce x-ray films (radiographs) of parts of the human body for use in diagnosing medical problems. They prepare patients for radiologic examinations and position patients so that the parts of the body can be appropriately radiographed. They also position radiographic equipment at the correct angle and height over the appropriate area of a patient’s body.

Radiologic technologists and technicians must follow physicians’ orders precisely and conform to regulations concerning the use of radiation to protect themselves, their patients, and their coworkers from unnecessary exposure.

In addition to preparing patients and operating equipment, radiologic technologists and technicians keep patient records and adjust and maintain equipment. They also may prepare work schedules, evaluate purchases of equipment, or manage a radiology department.

For more information about radiologic technologists, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/radiologic-technologists.htm.

Where Do Radiologic Technologists and Technicians Work?

Most radiologic technologists and technicians work in hospitals, although increasing numbers work in physicians’ offices and diagnostic imaging centers.

How Much Do Radiologic Technologists and Technicians Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for radiologic technologists and technicians in the United States was $70,240. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, radiologic technologists and technicians in New York earned a median annual salary of $83,351 (radiologic technologists and technicians in the 25th percentile made approximately $64,026 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $94,465).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for radiologic and MRI technologists in the U.S. will increase by 6% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for radiologic technologists in the state will increase by 16% between 2020 and 2030.

As the baby-boom population grows older, there may be an increase in medical conditions, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease, which require imaging as a tool for making diagnoses. Radiologic and MRI technologists will be needed to take the images. The aging of the population combined with increased availability and use of new and improved imaging technologies are expected to drive demand for radiologic technologists and technicians. An aging population is likely to have a higher incidence of illness and injury requiring diagnosis through imaging. In addition, diagnostic imaging is being used more and more to monitor the progress of disease and chronic illness treatment.

For projections of radiologic technologists by New York State labor regions, 2018-2028, click here.

Educational Requirements

Formal training programs in radiography lead to a certificate, an associate degree, or a bachelor’s degree. An associate degree is the most prevalent form of educational attainment among radiologic technologists and technicians.

Programs in radiography typically provide both clinical training and classroom instruction, with courses in anatomy and physiology, patient care procedures, radiation physics, radiation protection, principles of imaging, medical terminology, positioning of patients, medical ethics, radiobiology, and pathology.

Radiologic technologists may attend accredited programs in a variety of settings, including at hospitals, community colleges, and four-year colleges. The majority of radiologic technology education programs are two years in length.

The New York State Department of Health has a list of 2 year and 4 year Schools, Colleges, and Programs for radiologic technician training on their website: https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/doctors/radiological/schlist2.htm.

New York Licensure Requirements

To be licensed in New York, radiologic technologists must successfully complete an accredited radiologic technology education program and pass the radiography examination administered by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (https://www.arrt.org). For more information on New York’s requirements, go to: https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/doctors/radiological/.

Financial Support

Many colleges and some radiologic associations, including the ASRT Foundation, offer scholarships or financial aid for individuals pursuing radiologic technology degrees.

Additional scholarships from industry groups are listed here.
The Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging has grants, awards, and scholarships that can be found here.

Education Programs in New York (subject to change)

For a complete list of general radiologic technology programs in New York, including those taught through hospitals, please go to:
www.health.ny.gov/professionals/doctors/radiological/schlist2.htm and for more information about some radiologic programs in New York that may accept foreign-trained students, go to: www.health.ny.gov/professionals/doctors/radiological/forgrad.htm

New York Colleges with Radiologic Technology Education Programs

Additional Web Links

For more information about radiologic technologists and technicians go to:

The American Society of Radiologic Technologists at: https://www.asrt.org:/

The New York State Radiological Society: http://www.nysrs.org/

and http://www.radiologyschools411.com/ .

What Do Recreational Therapists Do?

Recreation therapists (also known as therapeutic recreation specialists) provide treatment services and recreation activities to individuals with disabilities or illnesses. Recreational therapists use a variety of techniques, including arts and crafts, sports, games, dance and movement, drama, music, activities with animals, and community outings to aid the physical, mental, and emotional well-being of their clients. Recreational therapists’ efforts help individuals reduce depression, stress, and anxiety; recover basic motor functioning and reasoning abilities; build confidence; and socialize effectively so that they can enjoy greater independence and reduce the effects of their illness or disability. In addition, therapists help people with disabilities integrate into the community by teaching them how to use their neighborhood resources and recreational activities.

In acute care settings, recreational therapists treat and rehabilitate individuals with specific health conditions, usually in collaboration with physicians, nurses, psychologists, social workers, and physical and occupational therapists.

Recreational therapists assess clients using information from their medical staff and from their families, as well as observations, medical records, standardized assessments, and the clients themselves. They then develop and carry out therapeutic interventions consistent with clients’ needs and interests.

Finally, recreational therapists must be comfortable working with people who are ill or disabled. They must be patient, tactful, and persuasive when working with people who have a variety of special needs. Ingenuity, compassion, leadership skills, a sense of humor, and imagination are needed to adapt activities to an individual’s needs.

For more information, go to: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/recreational-therapists.htm.

Where Do Recreational Therapists Work?

The largest employer of recreational therapists is nursing care facilities. Recreational therapists also work at hospitals, residential care facilities, and state and local government agencies. Many work for more than one employer and some are self-employed. Most recreational therapists work full time and some recreational therapists work evenings and weekends to meet the needs of their clients.

How Much Do Recreational Therapists Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for recreational therapists in the United States was $56,310. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, recreational therapists in New York earned a median annual salary of $63,832 (recreational therapists in the 25th percentile made approximately $47,457 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $74,733).

Supply and Demand

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for recreational therapists in the U.S. will increase by 4% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for  in the state will increase by 17% between 2020 and 2030.

Growing demand will likely result as the number of older adults in the U.S. continues to grow. This generation will need recreational therapists to help treat age-related injuries and illnesses, such as strokes, as well as to help maintain or improve age-related declines in physical and mental abilities.

For more information on the supply and demand for recreational therapists by New York State labor regions, 2018-2028, click here.

New York Educational Requirements

A bachelor’s degree in therapeutic recreation is the usual educational requirement for recreational therapists. Programs in recreational therapy include courses in physiology, abnormal psychology, human anatomy, medical and psychiatric terminology, characteristic of illnesses and disabilities, treatment and program planning, intervention design, evaluation, and the use of assistive devices and technology.

New York Licensure Requirements

New York does not require recreational therapists to be licensed, however most employers prefer to hire those who have been certified. Individuals wishing to demonstrate proficiency in their occupation may receive certification through the National Council for Therapeutic Recreation Certification: www.nctrc.org. The NCTRC offers the certified therapeutic recreation specialists (CTRS) credential to candidates who pass a written certification exam and complete a supervised internship of at least 480 hours.

Financial Support

Students seeking an education in recreational therapy should check with their college’s financial aid office for available scholarships and financial aid opportunities. Students can also apply for financial aid through a number of state and federal aid programs. More information is available at: www.highered.nysed.gov/NYLearns/finances.htm.

Education Programs in New York

Additional Web Links

For more information about recreational therapists, go to the Web sites for

the New York State Therapeutic Recreation Association: http://www.nystra.org/

the American Therapeutic Recreation Association: http://www.atra-online.com;

and the National Therapeutic Recreation Society: http://www.nrpa.org.
(The National Therapeutic Recreation Society, is a branch of the National Recreation and Park Association)

What Do Registered Nurses Do?

Registered nurses (RNs) treat and educate patients and the public about various medical conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and their families. RNs record patients’ medical histories and symptoms, help perform diagnostic tests and analyze results, operate medical machinery, and help with patient follow-up and rehabilitation.

In addition, RNs also:
— Deliver and supervise patient care;
— Give patients medicines and treatments;
— Evaluate the outcomes of care, instituting appropriate changes and reporting patient progress;
— Plan, implement, and evaluate programs to meet community needs; and
— Conduct research or quality improvement projects to identify and institute best practices.

RNs teach patients and their families how to manage their illnesses or injuries, explaining post-treatment home care needs; diet, nutrition, and exercise programs; and self-administration of medication and physical therapy. Some RNs may work to promote general health by educating the public on warning signs and symptoms of disease. RNs also might run general health screening or immunization clinics, blood drives, and public seminars on various conditions.

When caring for patients, RNs establish a care plan or contribute to an existing plan. Plans may include activities, such as administering medication, including checking dosages and avoiding interactions; starting, maintaining, and discontinuing intravenous (IV) lines for fluid, medication, blood, and blood products; administering therapies and treatments; observing the patient and recording those observations; and consulting with physicians and other health care clinicians.

RNs often facilitate interdisciplinary care, may lead patient care teams, as well as supervise licensed practical nurses, nursing aides, and home health aides in the delivery of patient services.

While many RNs work in clinical jobs, there are increasing opportunities for RNs in research, health care management, and education. Also, RNs’ roles are evolving in response to changes in the health care delivery system. Today, RNs may work as researchers, health care consultants, public policy advisors, risk managers, utilization reviewers, and hospital administrators. Many RNs also specialize depending on their interests, where they work, or the patients they work with.

For more information about RN specialties and other details about an RN career, please go to http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/registered-nurses.htm.

Where Do Registered Nurses Work?

Hospitals employ the majority of RNs. Many Rns find work in physicians’ offices, home healthcare services, nursing care facilities and outpatient care centers. RNs may also be employed at insurance companies, schools, universities, correctional facilities, manufacturing plants and even places like cruise ships.

How Much Do Registered Nurses Earn?

In 2022, the average annual income reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) for registered nurses in the United States was $89,010. The New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) reports that, in 2023, registered nurses in New York earned a median annual salary of $104,230 (registered nurses in the 25th percentile made approximately $73,799 while those in the 75th percentile made approximately $119,064).

Supply and Demand

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), RNs constitute the largest health care occupation nationwide.
New York, like the rest of the country, is experiencing growth in demand for RNs, and this trend is expected to continue.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the number of jobs for  in the U.S. will increase by 6% between 2021 and 2031. The New York State Department of Labor projects that the number of jobs for  in the state will increase by 17% between 2020 and 2030.

Growth in employment of RNs is expected to continue to be strong primarily because of technological advancements; an increased emphasis on preventative care; and the large, aging baby-boomer population, which will demand more health care services as these older adults live longer and more active lives.

For more information on projections of RNs by New York labor regions, 2018-2028, click here.

Educational Requirements

To become an RN, the two main types of educational programs are 1) a bachelor’s of science degree in nursing (BSN) offered by a college or university, and 2) an associate degree in nursing (ADN) offered by a community college or junior college, sometimes in collaboration with a hospital. Around the U.S., a shrinking number of education programs offer an RN diploma; only one remains in New York.

All nursing education programs include classroom instruction and supervised clinical experience in hospitals and other health care facilities. Students take courses in anatomy, physiology, microbiology, chemistry, nutrition, psychology, and behavioral sciences. Bachelor’s degree programs usually include more training in the physical and social sciences, communication, leadership, and critical thinking, which is becoming more important as nursing practice becomes more complex. BSN programs also offer more clinical experience in nonhospital settings. A BSN or higher (eg, MSN) is often necessary for administrative positions, research, consulting, and teaching.

Supervised clinical experience is provided in hospital departments such as pediatrics, psychiatry, maternity, and surgery. A number of programs include clinical experience in nursing care facilities, public health departments, home health agencies, and ambulatory clinics.

New York Licensure Requirements

All RNs must be licensed. To be licensed as an RN in New York, an individual must be at least 18 years of age, meet education requirements of having received at least a two-year degree or diploma from a program in general professional nursing that is acceptable to the New York State Department of Education, complete coursework or training in the identification and reporting of child abuse offered by a New York State approved provider, and pass the nursing examination developed by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). All associate or diploma prepared RNs who were not enrolled in their program or did not have an application pending as of December 19, 2017 will be required to obtain a baccalaureate in nursing within 10 years of their initial RN licensure.

For more information, go to: https://www.op.nysed.gov/professions/registered-professional-nursing/license-requirements

Financial Support for RN Students

Grants, scholarships, and awards for students who wish to become RNs are available at local, state, and federal levels. Such funding comes from private foundations, institutions and colleges of higher education with nursing programs, the New York State Education Department, and from the U.S. government. For more information, go to: https://www.op.nysed.gov/professions/registered-professional-nursing/nursing-education/new-york-state-nursing-education.
For additional information about federal and state financial aid, visit the New York State Higher Education Services Corporation website at: https://www.hesc.ny.gov.

Johnson & Johnson’s Campaign for Nursing’s Future offers current information on financial assistance opportunities for nursing students. The website organizes information by general degrees, specialties, and for returning students. For more information, visit the Johnson and Johnson campaign for nursing’s future here.

Nursing Education Programs in New York

There are dozens of ADN and BSN programs in New York. Some BSN programs offer “bachelor completion” tracks for RNs with diplomas or ADNs who wish to obtain a BSN. Many of these programs are offered on a part-time basis and are geared for people who work. Some employers will offer tuition assistance to RNs on their staff who wish to enroll in these programs.

Also, please see this list of education programs from the New York Department of Education: https://www.op.nysed.gov/professions/registered-professional-nursing/nursing-education/new-york-state-nursing-programs

Diploma and Certificate Programs

Genessee Valley Region

Associate Degree Programs

Central Region

Genesee Valley Region

Long Island Region

Metropolitan Region

Mid-Hudson Region

Northeast Region

Northern Region

Western Region

Bachelor Degree Programs

Central Region

Genesee Valley Region

Long Island Region

Metropolitan Region

Mid-Hudson Region

Northeast Region

Western Region

Additional Web Links

For more information about RNs and nursing careers, go to The New York State Nurses Association and The American Nurses Association.